Islamic Banking Essay Example for Free

Islamic Banking Essay Islamic Banking is interest free banking, in which there is no fixed rate of return. Islamic banking is the banking system which is run in accordance with the Islamic laws and the Shari a’ board; that guides the institutions. This Shari a’ board authorizes the products that whether these are Shari a’ compliant or not. Islamic banking is the banking that is guided by Islamic law (Shari a’) principles and guided by Islamic economics. In particular, Islamic law prohibits usury, the collection and payment of interest, also commonly called Riba in Islamic discourse†. Islamic banking also finds its roots in Islamic finance and all type of transactions are interest free of risk sharing. The interest is probihited in Islamic ways of banking as it is also obvious from Quran. In Quran, in Sura Al-Iman, Allah said that; â€Å"O you who believe! Do not devour Riba multiplying it over and keep your duty to Allah that you may prosper† (3:130). Same kind of prohibition regard fixed interest is also lead in sura Al-Rum(39), Al-Nisa (160-161) and Al-Baqarah (275-281) of Quran. Riba and Gharar are illegal under Islamic law. Riba refers to fixed rate of interest. Gharar refers to fixed rate of interest. Gharar refers to speculation. Islamic banking shows dramatic improvements and developments in Pakistan. Islamic banking is taken as national policy and it is supported but there exist dual banking structure in the Muslim countries. Mostly the banks of conventional system are also opening their separate Islamic banking divisions and branches. The expectation of increase in growth of networking of Islamic banking system is increasing. The Islamic banking has increased in terms of branches, deposits, capital funds, sources. The ratio of income to expenses is high which indicates increasing profitability of the sector. Riba in Hadith â€Å"Every loan that derives a benefit (to the creditor) is riba†. (Hazrat Ali Radi-AllahuAnhu). Abu said al Khudri Radi-AllahuAnhu narrated that Holy Prophet ( peace be upon him) said: â€Å"Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates, and salt for salt, like for like, payment made hand by hand. If anyone gives more or asks for more, he has dealt in Riba. The receiver and giver are equally guilty. If the creditor received a goat as mortgage from the debtor, the creditor may use its milk to the extent he has spent in providing fodder to the goat. However, if the milk is more than the price of the fodder, the excess is riba. â€Å"Usmani, para 99). For Usamah ibn Zayd : â€Å"There is no riba except in nasi’ah (waiting). â€Å"Bukhari, Kitab al-Buyu, Bab Bay al-dinari bi al-dinar nasa’an, ( : 386); also Muslim and Musnad Ahmad). There is no riba in hand-to-hand (spot) transactions. † (Muslim, Kitab al-Musaqat, Bab bay’I al-ta’ami mithlan bi mithin; also in Nasa’i). What is the significance of Islamic Banking in a post recession world? Islamic banking is gaining popularity in emerging markets after helping some financial institutions avoid the worst of the economic meltdown. Islamic banks have been less affected than many conventional banks in the current global recession. This is mainly because unlike conventional banks, the Islamic banks have not been exposed to losses from investment in toxic assets nor have they been dependent on wholesale funds since these practices are not in accordance with the principles set out in the Sharia Law. Moreover, recent years have already indicated that there is an interest in Islamic banking beyond Islamic investors. The UK is one of the leading centres for Islamic banking in the world, yet only 5% of its population is Muslim. And lastly, governments and regulators in a variety of countries have already recognized the importance of Islamic banking as a feasible alternative to conventional banking. The global recession brought about by the collapse in credit supply saw many of the globally accepted models of investment disappeared almost overnight with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. It is well accepted that the credit crunch was essentially caused by gambling and inadequate regulation. The radical change in the investment dynamics of the market and a clear question of the morality of the investment industry signify a clear turning point in the development of regional and global investment markets. That will provide new boost to the already burgeoning Islamic private equity and venture capital industries. Thus, surely a system in which gambling is banned, where everything must be backed by tangible assets should be significant in a post recession world. In this era of scarred savers and investors, everyone shall move their money over to this low-risk system. A post-crisis market is more realistic and searches for an ethically based approach to investment. The new investment markets, after the crash, will see a growing demand for a far more partnership approach to private equity and venture capital investment. In private equity, the investor shares both the risks and the rewards, which replicates the basic principles of Islamic investment. Even before the full attack of the global downturn, the characteristics of Islamic private equity and venture capital ensured the sectors enjoyed increasing attention from regional and global investors. The merger of companies, as a means of meeting the operational and strategic challenges of the economic downturn, will show a growing demand for a far more partnership approach to private equity and venture capital investment. Islamic investment should be made on the basis of partnership and investment also to be made in largely infrastructure-orientated projects, such as transport, energy, healthcare and education, as these sectors not only offer asset backed investment but also long term investment into societies. Thus, in the post recession world, where the market and society is demanding that the investment industry provide a responsible form of investment, Islamic private equity and venture capital are both ideally suited to meet this demand.

The Alamo Essay -- History Historical Mexican Essays

The Alamo The events that began on February 23, 1836 have roots that span as far back as 1808. This exploration into the events and carnage that took place before, during and after the Alamo will only go back to the events immediately leading up to the Alamo. Mainly the frame of mind the Mexican government had regarding the Texas settlers and the reasons leading to the confrontation at the Alamo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In times before the confrontation at the Alamo, the Mexican government welcomed settlers into Texas. The motive behind Mexico’s act was to create a buffer zone between Mexican settlements and the Indians. Settlers were able to come to Texas as long as they promised to convert to Catholicism and become Mexican citizens among other stipulations. Moreover, Mexico had further problems, the most noticeable was Mexico’ s financial standing. The independence movement that freed Mexico from Spain also left Mexico â€Å"dead broke;† furthermore, they had no real way of watching or parenting the fledgling Texas. Hence, Texas became accustom to doing things without Mexico interfering. Soon after Mexico opened the door to Texas the population of settlers grew to make up 75 per cent of the whole population. This could be seen as a bad thing to the Mexican government because if Texas became entirely made up of settlers what was to stop Texas from breaking a way from Mexico for good. To add to the pressure pot the settlers were illegally trading, and engaging in illegal slavery, among other illegal acts. According to Walter Lord the American Settlers refused to pay any form of tax, in fact according to Lord’s figures only 1,665 pesos where collected from Texas in Two years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These factors and many more including America herself showing interest in Texas, led Mexico to institute a restriction of the number of settlers allowed into Texas. In addition, â€Å"Mexico suspended all unfilled colonization contracts, and required passports issued by Mexican Consulate at their place of residence,† these policies alone angered the settlers who have been accustomed to a lazie fair approach. In addition troops were now being used to see that the laws were enforced and obeyed. As Myers points out: The North Americans had reason to protest. They had gone through the bad years when fields had to be chopped out of the woods and when an Indian raid was commoner that a square meal. An... ...nd bloody tiger to name a few. Many Americans had been opposed to the Texas cause, but no longer were they thinking about that, now they were thinking about revenge. Mexicans had slain American citizens and this had to be avenged in the mind of most Americans. The call to arms had now been rung, â€Å"Remember the Alamo.† The Alamo had been a total loss on the field of physical war fair, but on the playing ground of the mind the Alamo had seized the minds and hearts of every American and sympathizer alike, to rally to its call. So in the end I believe the Alamo was a total victory for the settlers cause. Works Cited General Antonio Lopez De Santa-Anna, D. Ramon Martinez Caro, General Vicente Filisola,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Jose Urrea, and General Jose Maria Tornel; Translated by Carlos Castaneda.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution. Dallas.: P.L. Turner Company,1956 General Miguel Sanchez Lamego; Translated by Consuelo Velasco. The Siege and Taking of The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alamo. New Mexico.: Sunstone Press, 1968. Lord, Walter. A Time to Stand. Lincolon.: University of Nebraska Press.: 1978. Matovina, Timothy. The Alamo Remembered. Austin.: University of Texas Press.: 1995.

Antislavery Movement Before 1830 and the Abolitionist Movement After 1830 Essay

The status of women, African Americans, and Native Americans did not change after winning the American Revolution. Although after the American Revolution winning the status of women didn’t change, because of what they had stood up for. The status of women did not change, because of what each Americans group had done to make it not change after the winning of the American Revolution. The African American women had been slaves during the American Revolution until then but the African American women had traded, provided things for families, and worked together during the American Revolution. They also showed what women can do just like the men can. The Native Americans which were Indians did not change, because of their tribute, trading, providing materials, and that some of their husbands had to fight in the American Revolution war. They wanted to things that every woman has to do, so that the people could know their status of American women. The African American women did not change, because of the things they did to make their status different from the other American women. The African American women were slaves during the American Revolution it was just a few of them. The African American women didn’t change anything about their status or anything before or after the winning of the American Revolution when they found out about it. The African American had been through a lot to tell their status of women and why they were a part of the women status. The Native American did not change after the winning of the American Revolution, because they didn’t really have anything to do besides protect their tribes and be a family since some of their husbands had to go and fight in American Revolution. The Native American women protected their tribes and families, so that it wasn’t gone get damaged during the Revolution. They didn’t want them to get hurt and lose them. The Native American also stood up for what they had to do as a status of a women which was a good thing that they decided to do to become a status of a women before and after the winning of the American Revolution. The Status of women was important and did not change, because of what the different races of women did. The status of women had their reasons which were right to not change after the winning of the American Revolution. I would have loved to be a part of the status of women back during the American Revolution.

Kant s Philosophy On Moral Philosophy - 1991 Words

Kant really focuses his arguments regarding to moral rules that are necessary and universal, such as moral law that would hold up to all rational beings. In Kantian ethics, Kant offers two different explanations of moral law, the formula of the universal law of nature and the formula of humanity as an end in itself. In this paper, I am going to focus on explaining, reconstruct, and analyze on the first topic which is the formula of the universal law of nature regarding to the lying promise. Kant believes that our moral judgment is right, just with the wrong reasons. Kant’s account of moral judgment is purely from reason. In the preface of â€Å"Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals† by Kant, Kant mentioned that â€Å"my aim here is directed†¦show more content†¦In this quote, Kant is expressing that a good will has to be the influence to human’s mind in order to do something good and morally worthy. Moderation, which Kant also explained in this chapter, would have a negative effect to one’s judgment about moral. He believes that it would have a negative effect because it would not be an action form one’s rationality. To be a purely good action, and morally worth, Kant says that â€Å"A good will is not good because of its effects or accomplishments, and not because of its adequacy to achieve any proposed end: it is good only by virtue of its willing – that is, it is good in itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (317). So, one’s action must be good in itself because of the will of that person doing the action, which later on Kant would say that the person must act from duty. For example is our intelligence, intelligence is a good thing as long as we use it for good reasons. Same kind with wealth, power, and health. Kant also says that happy people need good will. Moral worth is a good will as long as it is according to the duty. The will is good because it allows to pursue some kind of happiness, which is not right. Kant says that it is good only if it is according to the moral law. Kant is making a separation between inclinations, sentiments, desires, and so on because they are not related to the g ood will, although they are not universal.

Do Japanese Beetle Traps Work

Japanese beetles (a.k.a. scarab beetles), those shiny metallic green mini-monsters, are a very destructive bug that can truly wreak havoc on plants, flowers, and roots in your garden. They begin feeding in mid to late June in temperate zones on more than 300 varieties of host plants, including field crops, ornamental trees and shrubs, garden flowers and vegetables, lawn turf, pastures, and golf courses. One recent tool in the war against these invasive intruders is Japanese beetle traps, sold commercially and marketed to gardeners. The traps, however, can actually attract more beetles to an area than there were before, thus compounding rather than alleviating the problem. The long and short of it is that for most home garden applications, Japanese beetle traps are not a viable solution. Unfortunately, the most effective Japanese beetle control method involves the use of harsh chemical insecticides but these can be dangerous to other insect species (including beneficial ones) as well as humans, wildlife, and pets. One major benefit to using traps is that the chemicals they contain wont harm plants, animals, or other insects. Another bonus is that theyre designed to be hung above ground so that children and pets cant get at them. If safety is a major concern, you might want to at least give traps a try before moving on to more extreme measures. How Japanese Beetle Traps Work Most Japanese beetle traps consist of a ventilated bag or box which contains two chemical attractants: a sex pheromone and a floral lure. Japanese beetles spend their days feeding in groups and mating. The combined chemical attractants do an effective job of luring beetles in large numbers in about a .62 mile (1 kilometer) radius. The major drawback is that according to studies, lure traps tend to attract far more beetles than they actually trap—about 25 percent more. In other words, when you hang a trap in your yard, youre inviting every Japanese beetle in the neighborhood but only three-fourths of them will end up in the trap itself. The beetles that avoid the trap will subsequently treat your well-manicured landscaping as a full-service buffet. When Beetle Traps are Effective Japanese beetle traps are not  entirely without merit, however. They can be used effectively as a survey tool to determine whether the numbers of the pests in a specific area warrant control. They also work well for managing isolated beetle populations and have been found to be effective deterrents in those places in which a single owner is able to control a large area, such as an orchard. (A three-year test with mass trapping systems placed throughout blueberry and elderberry orchards in Missouri trapped 10.3 million adult beetles and decreased the number of adults on plants throughout the season from low to very low levels.) Neighborhood associations can work together to control a Japanese beetle infestation but it takes cooperation and commitment. Beginning in mid-to-late June, if you and your neighbors hang traps throughout the infested area, you may be able to stop the bugs from migrating from yard to yard. Unfortunately, to be effective, the traps need to be monitored weekly at a minimum, as well as cleaned and maintained with fresh lures. Since trap cleaning is a fairly disgusting chore, if everyone doesnt keep up with their end of the bargain, its far from a perfect solution. Pesticides and Other Deterrents If you decide to apply insecticides, youll need to start when the beetles are first observed and you may need to reapply the pesticides multiple times throughout the season. In addition to pesticides, there are biological and physical controls you can try to lessen the Japanese beetle population, such as shaking visible  beetles into a bucket of soapy water to drown them. You can also treat your lawn with a diluted solution of dishwashing liquid and water which forces the larval-stage beetles hiding underground to come up for air, making them vulnerable to birds and other predators. Japanese beetles can sometimes be selective with what they eat. If youre planning a  landscape design, select plants that the scarabs dont have a taste for. Plants most resistant or unattractive to the Japanese beetle include American bittersweet, dogwood, forsythia, hydrangea, lilac, paper birch, pine, silver maple, spruce, white poplar, and yew. If you plant enough of these, it may be an incentive for beetles to find somewhere else in the neighborhood to dine. If you have existing plants that are Japanese beetle favorites, you might want to consider if it makes economic sense to remove and replace them, versus treating them with chemicals. For example, if you have a flowering cherry tree, consider replacing it with a Kousa (Japanese) dogwood; if you have a linden, plant a red maple instead. Biological Warfare: Geraniums and Nematodes Planting geraniums as sacrificial victims for your Japanese beetles can be another effective deterrent. Scarab beetles are attracted to geranium petals and eating them is an intoxicating experience. So intoxicating, in fact, that the blissful beetles become paralyzed and are easily consumed by predators. Those that shake off the stupor will simply return to gnaw on your geraniums again, often to the exclusion of other, less toxic plants. Insect warfare, in which nematodes—specifically Heterohabditis bacteriophora and Steinemema glaseri—are introduced to garden soil is another method worth considering. Nematodes actively seek and attack groups of grubs, however, they must be applied in August, near dawn or dusk to be effective. Sources Adesanya, Adekunle W.; Held, David W., and Liu, Nannan. Geranium Intoxication Induces Detoxification Enzymes in the Japanese Beetle, Popillia Japonica Newman. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 143 (2017): 1-7. Print.Knodel, Janet J.; Elhard, Charles, and Beauzay. Patrick B. Integrated Pest Management of Japanese Beetle in North Dakota. North Dakota State University Extension Service, 2017. Print.Oliver, J. B., et al. Insecticides and Their Combinations Evaluated as Regulatory Immersion Treatments for Third-Instar Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Field-Grown and Containerized Nursery Plants. Journal of Entomological Science 52.3 (2017): 274-87. Print.Pià ±ero, Jaime C. and Dudenhoeffer, Austen P. Mass Trapping Designs for Organic Control of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia Japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pest Management Science. 2018. Print.

Ethical And Ethical Ethics Of The Food Industry Essay

Using antibiotics in the food industry is immoral in multiple ways because they threaten the safety of the general public and create harm to the environment. It is our moral responsibility as engineers to come up with a solution that will better protect our well-being and the animals and plants around us. Utilitarian and Kantian ethical theories support this view, while ethical risk assessment should be a part of coming up with a solution. Antibiotics came into the commercial setting in the 1940s, when penicillin began to be used to treat infections. Shortly after, livestock and poultry farmers began to integrate antibiotics into their conventional farming methods. Now, less than a hundred years later, 70% of all antibiotics that are used in human medicine are also used in agriculture and livestock, while 80% of all antibiotics in the U.S. are used in animals. Although this has increased meat and poultry production and lowered the cost for consumers, we are on a treacherous path to reversing the last 100 years of advanced medical discoveries. Antibiotics are injected into animals and plants in order to grow them faster, larger, and to prevent diseases from spreading in their dirty â€Å"factory farm conditions.† Factory farms are an unnatural way of raising poultry and other meats, but have become the prevailing method. The animals are kept in sheds with no space to move around and many never see sunlight in their entire life spans. Animals are forced to gain up to 4 to 5% moreShow MoreRelatedInternal And External Factors Affecting Mcdonalds1468 Words   |  6 PagesII (A). INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING MCDONALDS Due to globalization and increased competition in the fast food industry, a very complex environment is created for McDonald’s. 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Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered free essay sample

Many college and university presidents disagree with the current legal drinking age and have come to the conclusion that outlawing alcohol to students under 21 makes the drinking problem worse! The national drinking age should be lowered from 21 to 18 because it would result in a decrease of binge drinking and allow for more supervised alcohol consumption. The prohibition has proven to be counterproductive; the responsibilities that 18-year-olds assume merit the right to drink and it would lead to more responsible drinking on college campuses. The debate may come across as farfetched but there are a few aspects to consider before reaching a final decision. In the article â€Å"States weigh lowering drinking age. † By Judy Keen she explains how â€Å"A 2007 Gallup Poll found that 77% of Americans oppose lowering the drinking age to 18. † At the age of 18 a person is legally considered an adult and automatically inherits a number of rights and responsibilities. It is not fair that a man or a woman can risk his or her life fighting for our country enlisting in the military, but is not considered to be mature enough to be able to purchase or drink alcohol. We hold 18 year olds to be responsible enough to vote on important government positions and to serve in a jury deciding someone’s legal fate. It is also strange that the United States claims that 18 year olds are legally responsible for themselves. These young adults are given the option to live on their own and force them to support themselves. If an 18 year old commits a crime they can potentially go to jail for the rest of their life. Most States give a 16 year old the privilege of driving a motor vehicle without a parent or legal guardian. When a kid is behind the wheel they are capable of doing unthinkable damage and have control of countless lives at their hands. This is by far a greater responsibility than drinking alcohol. Many would conclude that all of those rights are more important than the right to drink. If 18 year olds are released out into the real world and given all of that pressure then no one should be able to say that they are not mature enough to handle alcohol. People say that if the drinking age is lowered then college students will abuse the privilege. They say they will drink irresponsibly and act reckless. Another concern is that it will lead to more excess drinking because it will be so accessible for students. On the contrary, when drinking is legal people are much more likely to drink responsibly and not binge drink because when something such as drinking is legal, students don’t feel the need to force all of the drinks down at once in order to stay drunk for a longer period of time. The atmosphere in which people drink illegally is not a good situation for safe drinking. Underage drinking is usually done in frat basements, unsupervised house parties, and cars. When alcohol is consumed in these unsafe places it is unregulated and more likely for a terrible drinking incident to occur. The risk of binge drinking and ultimately death is a key reason why the drinking age should be lowered! When drinking is legal, it is done out in the open and can be surveyed by the police. However, when the drinking age was raised it simply moved drinking underground. If the drinking age is lowered to 18, colleges could then regulate alcohol use, rather than college students drinking in an underground environment such as basements, fraternity houses and cars. Colleges are ineffective in enforcing the law and countless amounts of underage college kids drink on a regular bases. The college committees have started to focus their energy on encouraging college students to drink safely. On the website done by the â€Å"Amethyst Initiative† titled â€Å"AmethystInitiative. org† it claims â€Å"National alcohol prohibition from 1920 to 1933 failed, which shows that strict regulation of drinking is counterproductive, unenforceable, and can lead to an increase in illegal and underground activities. † To this day, drinking is still unenforceable and leads to an increase of illegal activities. It is illegal for a person to drink, but if he or she really wants to they can get alcohol without much trouble but now it is done in an illegal way. Either businesses will fail to ask for I. D. , or an older friend makes the purchase. Another big problem is the large production all over the country of fake I. D. ’s. The production of fake I. D. ’s has become a huge underground market targeting college kids and high school kids all over. Lowering the drinking age creates less underground crime! People who are opposed to changing this law claim that high school teen drinking is lready a bad enough problem as it is with the drinking age being 21. It is said that if you allow 18 year olds who are still in high school to legally purchase alcohol it would open up unlimited opportunities for teens of all ages to access alcohol. Everyone in high school would have countless people that they could depend on to buy alcohol for them. Also, if it became legally acceptable for peopl e 3 years younger to drink, then what is to say that it would not lower the age of when teens think it will be socially acceptable for them to drink? However, alcohol is already accessible by any teen who truly wants to get their hands on it. An article by Janet Williams, titled â€Å"Adults Most Common Source for Teens,† states that, â€Å"Two out of three teens, aged 13-18, said it is easy to get alcohol from their homes without parents knowing about it. † As well as â€Å"One third responded that it is easy to obtain alcohol from their own parents knowingly. † In addition to parents providing their children with alcohol, many teens will access alcohol with fake I. D. ’s or simply a business that fails to check I. D. at all. When kids are capable of getting alcohol they will also provide for their friends and those friends will do the same to their friends. Lowering the drinking age will not make high school drinking worse because there are already unlimited opportunities for high school teens to access alcohol. In conclusion, a more compelling argument can be made in support of lowering the drinking age. People drink and act more responsibly when it is done in a legal environment. Also 18 year olds bear the responsibilities and privileges of adulthood and should be trusted to make mature decision involving alcohol. Keen, Judy. â€Å"States weigh lowering drinking age. † USA Today 1 Apr. 2008: Web. 7 Nov. 2011 It’s Time to Rethink the Drinking Age. Amethyst Initiative  » Welcome to the Amethyst Initiative. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. lt;http://amethystinitiative. orggt;. College Factors That Influence Drinking. Research about Alcohol and College Drinking Prevention. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. lt;http://www. collegedrinkingprevention. gov/supportingresearch/journal/presley. aspxgt;. Bush, Bill. â€Å"College Presidents back drinking-age debate. † The Columbus Dispatch 20 Aug. 2008: Web. 8 Nov. 2011. College Presidents Seek to Re-examine Drinking Age | Cleveland. com. Blogs Cleveland. com. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. Belluck, Pam. â€Å"Vermont Considers Lowering Drinking Age to 18. † New York Times 13 Apr. 2005: Web. 9 Nov. 2011 â€Å"On the issue of underage drinking, everyone has the same interest at heart: protecting young people. As a devout Mormon, I have never had a drop of alcohol in my life. Truthfully, I wish that no one ever drank. But I know that is not a reality. And, as a university president for 30 years, I also know that our current drinking laws do not necessarily reflect reality. Many underage young people drink alcohol, and they often do so in great excess. † (â€Å"Collegepresidents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Gee along with the hundreds of other presidents realize that the drinking laws are not only unreasonable but ineffective. Even though Dr. Gee believes that drinking is wrong and has chosen not to take part in at as long as he lives, he concludes that the majority of young peoplde in college rink and it only makes sense for it to be legal for those 18 years of age.