Do Japanese Beetle Traps Work

Japanese beetles (a.k.a. scarab beetles), those shiny metallic green mini-monsters, are a very destructive bug that can truly wreak havoc on plants, flowers, and roots in your garden. They begin feeding in mid to late June in temperate zones on more than 300 varieties of host plants, including field crops, ornamental trees and shrubs, garden flowers and vegetables, lawn turf, pastures, and golf courses. One recent tool in the war against these invasive intruders is Japanese beetle traps, sold commercially and marketed to gardeners. The traps, however, can actually attract more beetles to an area than there were before, thus compounding rather than alleviating the problem. The long and short of it is that for most home garden applications, Japanese beetle traps are not a viable solution. Unfortunately, the most effective Japanese beetle control method involves the use of harsh chemical insecticides but these can be dangerous to other insect species (including beneficial ones) as well as humans, wildlife, and pets. One major benefit to using traps is that the chemicals they contain wont harm plants, animals, or other insects. Another bonus is that theyre designed to be hung above ground so that children and pets cant get at them. If safety is a major concern, you might want to at least give traps a try before moving on to more extreme measures. How Japanese Beetle Traps Work Most Japanese beetle traps consist of a ventilated bag or box which contains two chemical attractants: a sex pheromone and a floral lure. Japanese beetles spend their days feeding in groups and mating. The combined chemical attractants do an effective job of luring beetles in large numbers in about a .62 mile (1 kilometer) radius. The major drawback is that according to studies, lure traps tend to attract far more beetles than they actually trap—about 25 percent more. In other words, when you hang a trap in your yard, youre inviting every Japanese beetle in the neighborhood but only three-fourths of them will end up in the trap itself. The beetles that avoid the trap will subsequently treat your well-manicured landscaping as a full-service buffet. When Beetle Traps are Effective Japanese beetle traps are not  entirely without merit, however. They can be used effectively as a survey tool to determine whether the numbers of the pests in a specific area warrant control. They also work well for managing isolated beetle populations and have been found to be effective deterrents in those places in which a single owner is able to control a large area, such as an orchard. (A three-year test with mass trapping systems placed throughout blueberry and elderberry orchards in Missouri trapped 10.3 million adult beetles and decreased the number of adults on plants throughout the season from low to very low levels.) Neighborhood associations can work together to control a Japanese beetle infestation but it takes cooperation and commitment. Beginning in mid-to-late June, if you and your neighbors hang traps throughout the infested area, you may be able to stop the bugs from migrating from yard to yard. Unfortunately, to be effective, the traps need to be monitored weekly at a minimum, as well as cleaned and maintained with fresh lures. Since trap cleaning is a fairly disgusting chore, if everyone doesnt keep up with their end of the bargain, its far from a perfect solution. Pesticides and Other Deterrents If you decide to apply insecticides, youll need to start when the beetles are first observed and you may need to reapply the pesticides multiple times throughout the season. In addition to pesticides, there are biological and physical controls you can try to lessen the Japanese beetle population, such as shaking visible  beetles into a bucket of soapy water to drown them. You can also treat your lawn with a diluted solution of dishwashing liquid and water which forces the larval-stage beetles hiding underground to come up for air, making them vulnerable to birds and other predators. Japanese beetles can sometimes be selective with what they eat. If youre planning a  landscape design, select plants that the scarabs dont have a taste for. Plants most resistant or unattractive to the Japanese beetle include American bittersweet, dogwood, forsythia, hydrangea, lilac, paper birch, pine, silver maple, spruce, white poplar, and yew. If you plant enough of these, it may be an incentive for beetles to find somewhere else in the neighborhood to dine. If you have existing plants that are Japanese beetle favorites, you might want to consider if it makes economic sense to remove and replace them, versus treating them with chemicals. For example, if you have a flowering cherry tree, consider replacing it with a Kousa (Japanese) dogwood; if you have a linden, plant a red maple instead. Biological Warfare: Geraniums and Nematodes Planting geraniums as sacrificial victims for your Japanese beetles can be another effective deterrent. Scarab beetles are attracted to geranium petals and eating them is an intoxicating experience. So intoxicating, in fact, that the blissful beetles become paralyzed and are easily consumed by predators. Those that shake off the stupor will simply return to gnaw on your geraniums again, often to the exclusion of other, less toxic plants. Insect warfare, in which nematodes—specifically Heterohabditis bacteriophora and Steinemema glaseri—are introduced to garden soil is another method worth considering. Nematodes actively seek and attack groups of grubs, however, they must be applied in August, near dawn or dusk to be effective. Sources Adesanya, Adekunle W.; Held, David W., and Liu, Nannan. Geranium Intoxication Induces Detoxification Enzymes in the Japanese Beetle, Popillia Japonica Newman. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 143 (2017): 1-7. Print.Knodel, Janet J.; Elhard, Charles, and Beauzay. Patrick B. Integrated Pest Management of Japanese Beetle in North Dakota. North Dakota State University Extension Service, 2017. Print.Oliver, J. B., et al. Insecticides and Their Combinations Evaluated as Regulatory Immersion Treatments for Third-Instar Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Field-Grown and Containerized Nursery Plants. Journal of Entomological Science 52.3 (2017): 274-87. Print.Pià ±ero, Jaime C. and Dudenhoeffer, Austen P. Mass Trapping Designs for Organic Control of the Japanese Beetle, Popillia Japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pest Management Science. 2018. Print.

Ethical And Ethical Ethics Of The Food Industry Essay

Using antibiotics in the food industry is immoral in multiple ways because they threaten the safety of the general public and create harm to the environment. It is our moral responsibility as engineers to come up with a solution that will better protect our well-being and the animals and plants around us. Utilitarian and Kantian ethical theories support this view, while ethical risk assessment should be a part of coming up with a solution. Antibiotics came into the commercial setting in the 1940s, when penicillin began to be used to treat infections. Shortly after, livestock and poultry farmers began to integrate antibiotics into their conventional farming methods. Now, less than a hundred years later, 70% of all antibiotics that are used in human medicine are also used in agriculture and livestock, while 80% of all antibiotics in the U.S. are used in animals. 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Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered free essay sample

Many college and university presidents disagree with the current legal drinking age and have come to the conclusion that outlawing alcohol to students under 21 makes the drinking problem worse! The national drinking age should be lowered from 21 to 18 because it would result in a decrease of binge drinking and allow for more supervised alcohol consumption. The prohibition has proven to be counterproductive; the responsibilities that 18-year-olds assume merit the right to drink and it would lead to more responsible drinking on college campuses. The debate may come across as farfetched but there are a few aspects to consider before reaching a final decision. In the article â€Å"States weigh lowering drinking age. † By Judy Keen she explains how â€Å"A 2007 Gallup Poll found that 77% of Americans oppose lowering the drinking age to 18. † At the age of 18 a person is legally considered an adult and automatically inherits a number of rights and responsibilities. It is not fair that a man or a woman can risk his or her life fighting for our country enlisting in the military, but is not considered to be mature enough to be able to purchase or drink alcohol. We hold 18 year olds to be responsible enough to vote on important government positions and to serve in a jury deciding someone’s legal fate. It is also strange that the United States claims that 18 year olds are legally responsible for themselves. These young adults are given the option to live on their own and force them to support themselves. If an 18 year old commits a crime they can potentially go to jail for the rest of their life. Most States give a 16 year old the privilege of driving a motor vehicle without a parent or legal guardian. When a kid is behind the wheel they are capable of doing unthinkable damage and have control of countless lives at their hands. This is by far a greater responsibility than drinking alcohol. Many would conclude that all of those rights are more important than the right to drink. If 18 year olds are released out into the real world and given all of that pressure then no one should be able to say that they are not mature enough to handle alcohol. People say that if the drinking age is lowered then college students will abuse the privilege. They say they will drink irresponsibly and act reckless. Another concern is that it will lead to more excess drinking because it will be so accessible for students. On the contrary, when drinking is legal people are much more likely to drink responsibly and not binge drink because when something such as drinking is legal, students don’t feel the need to force all of the drinks down at once in order to stay drunk for a longer period of time. The atmosphere in which people drink illegally is not a good situation for safe drinking. Underage drinking is usually done in frat basements, unsupervised house parties, and cars. When alcohol is consumed in these unsafe places it is unregulated and more likely for a terrible drinking incident to occur. The risk of binge drinking and ultimately death is a key reason why the drinking age should be lowered! When drinking is legal, it is done out in the open and can be surveyed by the police. However, when the drinking age was raised it simply moved drinking underground. If the drinking age is lowered to 18, colleges could then regulate alcohol use, rather than college students drinking in an underground environment such as basements, fraternity houses and cars. Colleges are ineffective in enforcing the law and countless amounts of underage college kids drink on a regular bases. The college committees have started to focus their energy on encouraging college students to drink safely. On the website done by the â€Å"Amethyst Initiative† titled â€Å"AmethystInitiative. org† it claims â€Å"National alcohol prohibition from 1920 to 1933 failed, which shows that strict regulation of drinking is counterproductive, unenforceable, and can lead to an increase in illegal and underground activities. † To this day, drinking is still unenforceable and leads to an increase of illegal activities. It is illegal for a person to drink, but if he or she really wants to they can get alcohol without much trouble but now it is done in an illegal way. Either businesses will fail to ask for I. D. , or an older friend makes the purchase. Another big problem is the large production all over the country of fake I. D. ’s. The production of fake I. D. ’s has become a huge underground market targeting college kids and high school kids all over. Lowering the drinking age creates less underground crime! People who are opposed to changing this law claim that high school teen drinking is lready a bad enough problem as it is with the drinking age being 21. It is said that if you allow 18 year olds who are still in high school to legally purchase alcohol it would open up unlimited opportunities for teens of all ages to access alcohol. Everyone in high school would have countless people that they could depend on to buy alcohol for them. Also, if it became legally acceptable for peopl e 3 years younger to drink, then what is to say that it would not lower the age of when teens think it will be socially acceptable for them to drink? However, alcohol is already accessible by any teen who truly wants to get their hands on it. An article by Janet Williams, titled â€Å"Adults Most Common Source for Teens,† states that, â€Å"Two out of three teens, aged 13-18, said it is easy to get alcohol from their homes without parents knowing about it. † As well as â€Å"One third responded that it is easy to obtain alcohol from their own parents knowingly. † In addition to parents providing their children with alcohol, many teens will access alcohol with fake I. D. ’s or simply a business that fails to check I. D. at all. When kids are capable of getting alcohol they will also provide for their friends and those friends will do the same to their friends. Lowering the drinking age will not make high school drinking worse because there are already unlimited opportunities for high school teens to access alcohol. In conclusion, a more compelling argument can be made in support of lowering the drinking age. People drink and act more responsibly when it is done in a legal environment. Also 18 year olds bear the responsibilities and privileges of adulthood and should be trusted to make mature decision involving alcohol. Keen, Judy. â€Å"States weigh lowering drinking age. † USA Today 1 Apr. 2008: Web. 7 Nov. 2011 It’s Time to Rethink the Drinking Age. Amethyst Initiative  » Welcome to the Amethyst Initiative. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. lt;http://amethystinitiative. orggt;. College Factors That Influence Drinking. Research about Alcohol and College Drinking Prevention. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. lt;http://www. collegedrinkingprevention. gov/supportingresearch/journal/presley. aspxgt;. Bush, Bill. â€Å"College Presidents back drinking-age debate. † The Columbus Dispatch 20 Aug. 2008: Web. 8 Nov. 2011. College Presidents Seek to Re-examine Drinking Age | Cleveland. com. Blogs Cleveland. com. Web. 06 Dec. 2011. Belluck, Pam. â€Å"Vermont Considers Lowering Drinking Age to 18. † New York Times 13 Apr. 2005: Web. 9 Nov. 2011 â€Å"On the issue of underage drinking, everyone has the same interest at heart: protecting young people. As a devout Mormon, I have never had a drop of alcohol in my life. Truthfully, I wish that no one ever drank. But I know that is not a reality. And, as a university president for 30 years, I also know that our current drinking laws do not necessarily reflect reality. Many underage young people drink alcohol, and they often do so in great excess. † (â€Å"Collegepresidents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Gee along with the hundreds of other presidents realize that the drinking laws are not only unreasonable but ineffective. Even though Dr. Gee believes that drinking is wrong and has chosen not to take part in at as long as he lives, he concludes that the majority of young peoplde in college rink and it only makes sense for it to be legal for those 18 years of age.